Generally speaking, prices are controlled indicators of the level of goods overall.
Even when prices are uniquely determined, they do not have absolute standards.
Put another way, there are no unified standards for prices, and in many cases the term generally used may be prices or consumer prices.
Thus, prices fluctuate depending on how they are defined and what the objectives are.
In addition, there is a consumer price index and a corporate price index (formerly called wholesale price index), and these are representative indicators showing the overall levels of prices.

Price is not something singular.

If we are grasping price fluctuations uniquely, we cannot establish effective economic policy, monetary policy or industrial policy.
Each and every economic policy should aim at adjustments so that partial autonomy and overall balance can be maintained.
The mistake being made in today's economic policy is viewing prices through the lens of a single index, and not seeing the movements of individual goods and industries.
The prices produced by individual goods have their own movements and working. Measures need to be changed according to such movements and working.

Prices serve to balance excesses and shortages of funds.
Prices serve to level income, excesses and shortages of funds, consumption levels, labor environment, resource allocation, etc.

The working of prices attempts both to unify as well as to be autonomous.
An economy that is inconsistent with the working to unify and the working to be autonomous becomes divided.

What is important is the structure of the market that lies hidden behind price fluctuations. We cannot control the economy if we lose sight of the structure hidden behind by the superficial phenomena.

The market is comprised of a whole and its parts.
The markets that make up those multiple parts combine and overlap to form the overall market.
The market is a place.

The markets that make up the parts are formed for each product, region, and stage.
The markets that make up the parts have differing characteristics, structures and workings depending on the products, regions, and stages.
The markets that make up the parts are formed through historical processes.

Prices are the prices paid for things.
The working of the whole and the working of the parts are reflected in prices. The working of the whole attempts to unify and control the whole, and the workings of the parts attempt to maintain their consistency as parts.

There are two aspects to the workings that drive the market: the working to unify and control the whole and the working to maintain autonomy.

Prices fluctuate because of the working to unify the whole, the workings to maintain the autonomy of the parts, and the activities attempting to maintain the balance between these two conflicting workings.
There is a working that arises attempting to equalize living standards and incomes through fluctuations in prices.

The working of attempting to unify the whole and the interaction of individual markets attempting to maintain their autonomy can frequently be seen in foreign exchange fluctuations. Prices and foreign exchange share an inextricably linked relationship. Fluctuations in exchange rates are directly linked to import and export prices.
Import and export prices attempt to correct both domestic and international prices as well as economic disparities both inside and outside Japan.
Foreign exchange links domestic and international markets on a global scale.

Prices are indicators that are based on the prices of goods. The prices of goods mean their monetary values. In other words, the working of prices depends to a large degree on currency, that is, on the characteristics of money.

The characteristics of money are as follows. First, money demonstrates its utility by circulating. Second, money is a nominal indicator without an entity. Third, the nominal value of money does not deteriorate. Fourth, money represents and quantifies an exchange value. Fifth, the monetary system is a closed system.
Sixth, the monetary value has no upper limits. Seventh, the monetary value can be maintained and accumulated. Eighth, the monetary value is a relative value, not an absolute standard.
Ninth, money is anonymous. Tenth, the essence of money is that it is information.

Money demonstrates its utility by circulating. Money is circulated by excesses and shortages of funds. And, actually, it is money that drives buying and selling, and lending and borrowing.
As a nominal indicator, money itself does not have an entity.
Money works as a stand-in for some object. And money first demonstrates its utility when it is exchanged for some kind of object. Money has no meaning unless it is used. Money is a measure.
The essence of money lies in its numerical value and information. Money is associated with objects, and money quantifies the exchange value of an object. The quantified exchange value is the monetary value. The monetary value that represents the exchange value is relative. Monetary units are not absolute standards. They are constantly fluctuating.
The monetary value, which is a natural number, is without upper limits. In other words, the monetary value spreads indefinitely unless some constraints are placed upon it.
A system created with money is a closed system, and it is independent of the systems of things and people.
The monetary value can be maintained and money can be saved.
Money is anonymous, and the owner cannot be identified. There is nothing particularly special about money.

These characteristics of money and the structure of the market are what forms prices.
People and things have their limits, but monetary values are not limited. If we attempt to measure something that is limited using something that is unlimited, the monetary value spreads indefinitely unless some constraints are put upon it.
Money is this sort of thing. And the desires of people are unlimited. Attempts to suppress infinite monetary values and unlimited desires will not work.
If we are grasping price fluctuations uniquely, we cannot establish effective economic policy, monetary policy or industrial policy.
Each and every economic policy should aim at adjustments so that partial autonomy and overall balance can be maintained.
The mistake being made in today's economic policy is viewing prices through the lens of a single index, and not seeing the movements of individual goods and industries.
The prices produced by individual goods have their own movements and working. Measures need to be changed according to such movements and working.

Attempting to maintain discipline in markets in an effort to maintain fair trade will affect the discipline in each market. Prices serve to level income, working conditions, and living standards.
To that end, markets should be regulated to maintain fair competition.

The balance between the working of the whole and the workings of the parts is important, and for that reason the working of prices cannot be understood if we are focusing only on the whole or only on the parts.
Economics currently do not directly contribute to policy or corporate management. An academic discipline that cannot be utilized in real society is not a science.